Melanoma is the third most common cancer in Australia. By age 85, men have a 1 in 13 chance of being diagnosed with melanoma, while for women, it’s 1 in 21.

Skin cancer mainly develops from excessive UV exposure, which can damage the DNA in skin cells. It occurs when skin cells grow abnormally, typically in areas that receive a lot of sun.

There are three primary types: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. Melanoma is the most dangerous type and can arise from existing moles or appear as new spots. Early detection is vital for effective treatment.

Several factors can increase the chances of developing skin cancer in Australia:

1. Where You Live: Australia experiences some of the highest levels of UV radiation globally, with the intensity being strong enough to cause sunburn in as little as 11 minutes on a clear summer day.
   
   

2. Skin Type: People with fair skin, light hair, and light eyes are more vulnerable.
   
   

3. Sunburn History: Getting severe sunburns multiple times, especially as a kid, can raise your risk.
   
   

4. Family History: If skin cancer runs in your family, your risk may be higher.
   
   

5. Indoor Tanning: Using tanning beds can also increase your chances.

To lower your risk, follow these tips:

When the UV Index reaches 3 or higher, it's essential to protect your skin.

Covering up creates a barrier against harmful UV rays. UV levels are typically highest during the midday hours, between 10 AM and 2 PM, or from 11 AM to 3 PM during daylight saving time. Use hats, clothing, and sunglasses, and apply sunscreen on exposed skin while seeking shade outdoors.

Follow the guidelines: Slip, Slop, Slap, Seek, and Slide.

Slip on clothing that blocks UV rays, like long skirts, pants, and long-sleeved shirts. Fabrics that don't let much light through also block UV. Choose tightly woven materials and those with a UPF rating of 50+ for optimal protection.

Slop sunscreen on any uncovered skin. Use SPF 50 or higher sunscreen. Australian sunscreens meet strict standards—look for ‘AUST L’ or ‘AS/NZS 2604:98’. Apply sunscreen 20 minutes before going outside and reapply every two hours, using about 7 teaspoons for full-body coverage. Most makeup SPF is inadequate, so apply sunscreen first.

Slap on a wide-brimmed hat to shield your face, neck, and ears. Choose hats that fit snugly and are made of densely woven fabrics.

Seek shade while enjoying the outdoors, utilize natural shade from trees or portable umbrellas. Remember that UV rays can reflect off surfaces like water and concrete, so always stay protected.

Slide on UV-protective sunglasses that fit well and meet Australian Standards (AS1067) for maximum eye safety.

Get regular skin checks

Keep an eye on your skin by doing self-exams. Look out for any changes in moles or new spots. It’s also a good idea to get a professional skin check at least once a year, or more often if you have risk factors.

Know the UV Index

Check the daily UV index and plan your outdoor activities when UV levels are lower.

The sun's UV radiation is the primary source of vitamin D, essential for regulating calcium and supporting bone and muscle health. However, spending more time in the sun doesn't necessarily boost vitamin D levels; only a small amount of UV is needed for synthesis, and excess exposure can lead to skin damage.

Vitamin D deficiency occurs when levels are critically low and affects certain groups more than others. Those at higher risk include individuals with dark skin, who absorb less UV radiation due to melanin, and people who avoid the sun due to skin conditions or prior cancers.

Additionally, nightshift workers, those who wear covering clothing, and individuals who are homebound or hospitalised are also vulnerable. Obese individuals and those with specific health conditions that impact vitamin D metabolism, such as liver or kidney diseases, are at risk too. It's important for at-risk individuals to consult a healthcare professional for advice on addressing potential deficiencies and supplementing with vitamin D.

Besides sun protection, a healthy lifestyle can help reduce your risk of skin cancer:

1. Eat Well: Focus on a diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Foods high in vitamins C and E and omega-3 fatty acids support healthy skin.
   
   

2. Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to keep your skin healthy and elastic.
   
   

3. Don't Smoke: Smoking harms your health and can negatively impact your skin.
   
   

4. Get Active: Regular exercise boosts overall health and improves circulation, promoting better skin.
   
   

5. Limit Alcohol: Drinking too much can weaken your immune system and damage your skin.